Конституционный ИИ

Constitutional AI is a method for training artificial intelligence systems to align with human values by providing them with a set of high-level principles—a "constitution"—rather than relying solely on extensive human feedback on individual outputs. This approach essentially teaches the AI model to critique and revise its own behavior based on a predefined set of rules, such as "be helpful," "be harmless," and "avoid discrimination." By embedding these ethical guidelines directly into the training process, developers can create systems that are safer, more transparent, and easier to scale than those dependent on manual Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF).

The Mechanism of Constitutional AI

The core innovation of Constitutional AI lies in its two-phase training process, which automates the alignment of models. Unlike traditional supervised learning, where humans must label every correct response, Constitutional AI uses the model itself to generate training data.

1. Supervised Learning Phase: The model generates responses to prompts, then critiques its own output based on the constitutional principles. It revises the response to better align with the rules. This refined dataset is then used to fine-tune the model, teaching it to inherently follow the guidelines.
2. Reinforcement Learning Phase: This phase, often called Reinforcement Learning from AI Feedback (RLAIF), replaces the human labeler. The AI generates pairs of responses and selects the one that best adheres to the constitution. This preference data trains a reward model, which then reinforces the desired behaviors via standard reinforcement learning techniques.

Актуальность для компьютерного зрения

Хотя конституционный ИИ возник в контексте крупных языковых моделей (LLM), разработанных такими организациями, как Anthropic, его принципы становятся все более актуальными для более широких задач машинного обучения, включая компьютерное зрение (CV).

• Ethical Image Generation: Generative AI tools for creating images can be "constitutionally" trained to refuse prompts that would generate violent, hateful, or copyrighted imagery. This ensures that the model weights themselves encode safety constraints, preventing the creation of harmful visual content.
• Safety-Critical Vision Systems: In autonomous vehicles, a "constitutional" approach can define hierarchical rules for decision-making. For instance, a rule stating "human safety overrides traffic efficiency" can guide the model when analyzing complex road scenes, ensuring that object detection results are interpreted with safety as the priority.

Реализация проверок политики в Vision AI

Хотя полное обучение ИИ по конституционному подходу включает в себя сложные циклы обратной связи, разработчики могут применять концепцию «конституционных проверок» во время вывода, чтобы фильтровать результаты на основе политик безопасности . Следующий пример демонстрирует использование YOLO26 для detect и применение правила безопасности для фильтрации обнаружений с низкой степенью достоверности, имитируя конституцию надежности.

from ultralytics import YOLO

# Load the YOLO26 model (latest stable Ultralytics release)
model = YOLO("yolo26n.pt")

# Run inference on an image
results = model("https://ultralytics.com/images/bus.jpg")

# Apply a "constitutional" safety check: Only accept high-confidence detections
for result in results:
    # Filter boxes with confidence > 0.5 to ensure reliability
    safe_boxes = [box for box in result.boxes if box.conf > 0.5]

    print(f"Safety Check Passed: {len(safe_boxes)} reliable objects detected.")
    # Further processing would only use 'safe_boxes'

Constitutional AI vs. Conventional RLHF

It is important to distinguish Constitutional AI from standard Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF).

• Scalability: RLHF requires vast amounts of human labor to rate model outputs, which is expensive and slow. Constitutional AI automates this with AI agents, making it highly scalable.
• Transparency: In RLHF, the model learns from an opaque "reward signal" (a score), making it hard to know why a behavior was preferred. In Constitutional AI, the chain of thought prompting used during the critique phase makes the reasoning explicit and traceable to specific written principles.
• Consistency: Human raters can be inconsistent or biased. A written constitution provides a stable baseline for AI ethics, reducing subjectivity in the alignment process.

Будущее выравнивания

По мере того как модели развиваются в направлении искусственного общего интеллекта (ИОИ), возрастает важность надежных стратегий выравнивания, таких как конституционный ИИ. Эти методы необходимы для соответствия новым стандартам, разработанным такими организациями, как NIST AI Safety Institute.

The Ultralytics Platform offers tools to manage data governance and model monitoring, facilitating the creation of responsible AI systems. By integrating these ethical considerations into the lifecycle of AI development—from data collection to model deployment—organizations can mitigate risks and ensure their technologies contribute positively to society.