SiLU (Sigmoid Linear Unit)

The Sigmoid Linear Unit, commonly referred to as SiLU, is a highly effective activation function used in modern deep learning architectures to introduce non-linearity into neural networks. By determining how neurons process and pass information through the layers of a model, SiLU enables systems to learn complex patterns in data, functioning as a smoother and more sophisticated alternative to traditional step functions. Often associated with the term "Swish" from initial research on automated activation search, SiLU has become a standard in high-performance computer vision models, including the state-of-the-art YOLO26 architecture.

Как работает функция SiLU

At its core, the SiLU function operates by multiplying an input value by its own Sigmoid transformation. Unlike simple threshold functions that abruptly switch a neuron between "on" and "off," SiLU provides a smooth curve that allows for more nuanced signal processing. This mathematical structure creates distinct characteristics that benefit the model training process:

• Гладкость: кривая является непрерывной и дифференцируемой везде. Это свойство помогает алгоритмам оптимизации, таким как градиентный спуск, обеспечивая согласованный ландшафт для настройки весов модели, что часто приводит к более быстрой сходимости во время обучения.
• Non-Monotonicity: Unlike standard linear units, SiLU is non-monotonic, meaning its output can decrease even as the input increases in certain negative ranges. This allows the network to capture complex features and retain negative values that might otherwise be discarded, helping to prevent the vanishing gradient problem in deep networks.
• Саморегулирующееся затворание: SiLU действует как собственный затвор, модулируя количество проходящего входа на основе собственной величины входа. Это имитирует механизмы затворания, встречающиеся в сетях с длинной краткосрочной памятью (LSTM) , но в вычислительно эффективной форме, подходящей для сверточных нейронных сетей (CNN).

Применение в реальном мире

SiLU является неотъемлемой частью многих передовых решений в области искусственного интеллекта, где точность и эффективность имеют первостепенное значение.

• Autonomous Vehicle Perception: In the safety-critical domain of autonomous vehicles, perception systems must identify pedestrians, traffic signs, and obstacles instantly. Models utilizing SiLU in their backbones can maintain high inference speeds while accurately performing object detection in varying lighting conditions, ensuring the vehicle reacts safely to its environment.
• Medical Imaging Diagnostics: In medical image analysis, neural networks need to discern subtle texture differences in MRI or CT scans. The gradient-preserving nature of SiLU helps these networks learn the fine-grained details necessary for early tumor detection, significantly improving the reliability of automated diagnostic tools used by radiologists.

Сравнение со смежными концепциями

Чтобы в полной мере оценить SiLU, полезно отличать его от других функций активации, представленных в Ultralytics .

• SiLU vs. ReLU (Rectified Linear Unit): ReLU is famous for its speed and simplicity, outputting zero for all negative inputs. While efficient, this can lead to "dead neurons" that stop learning. SiLU avoids this by allowing a small, non-linear gradient to flow through negative values, which often results in better accuracy for deep architectures trained on the Ultralytics Platform.
• SiLU vs. GELU (Gaussian Error Linear Unit): These two functions are visually and functionally similar. GELU is the standard for Transformer models like BERT and GPT, while SiLU is frequently preferred for computer vision (CV) tasks and CNN-based object detectors.
• SiLU против Sigmoid: хотя SiLU использует функцию Sigmoid внутри, они выполняют разные роли. Sigmoid обычно используется в конечном выходном слое для бинарной классификации, чтобы представлять вероятности, тогда как SiLU используется в скрытых слоях для облегчения извлечения признаков .

Пример реализации

You can visualize how different activation functions transform data using the PyTorch library. The following code snippet demonstrates the difference between ReLU (which zeroes out negatives) and SiLU (which allows smooth negative flow).

import torch
import torch.nn as nn

# Input data: negative, zero, and positive values
data = torch.tensor([-2.0, 0.0, 2.0])

# Apply ReLU: Negatives become 0, positives stay unchanged
relu_out = nn.ReLU()(data)
print(f"ReLU: {relu_out}")
# Output: tensor([0., 0., 2.])

# Apply SiLU: Smooth curve, small negative value retained
silu_out = nn.SiLU()(data)
print(f"SiLU: {silu_out}")
# Output: tensor([-0.2384,  0.0000,  1.7616])

By retaining information in negative values and providing a smooth gradient, SiLU plays a pivotal role in the success of modern neural networks. Its adoption in architectures like YOLO26 underscores its importance in achieving state-of-the-art performance across diverse computer vision tasks.